Malam ni Pothi: Ethnolinguistic Insights in the Malam ni Pothi Manuscripts of Kachchi Seafarers

–An Article by Poojan Patel

Malamni Pothis, the sailor’s manuals meticulously kept by Kachchi navigators, stand as an often-overlooked treasure trove within maritime literature. Penned during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, these manuscripts, spanning nearly 1,000 pages, offer an awe-inspiring glimpse into the navigational expertise and cultural richness of the Kachchh region in Gujarat, India.

Intricately written in the Kutchi version of the Gujarati script, the Pothis present a dense tapestry of information, ranging from captivating voyage accounts to meticulous astronomical calculations and intricate navigation charts. Despite appearing fragmented, the lack of a standardized format is a testament to the dynamic nature of the contemplated sea voyages. The transfer of Pothis between malams (navigators) at different ports of call resulted in a seemingly random compilation, flashing out calendars, nautical calculations, sketches, and sets of ideas in no specific order.

Navigators, or malams, relied on a unique blend of celestial knowledge, including astronomy and astrology, to guide them through the treacherous waters of the Indian Ocean. The movements of constellations, zodiac signs, and the belief in the cosmic significance of stars played a pivotal role in their maritime practices. The Pothis beautifully capture the navigators’ deep connection with the celestial realm, showcasing their reliance on divine forecasting practices.

The manuscripts, attributed to navigators such as Vasram Farani, Madhavji Jiwani, and others, provide a wealth of information, not just on navigation but also on broader aspects of maritime life. These include principles of Vastu shastra, providing insights into unseen dangers, and detailing superstitions that added a fascinating dimension to the monotony of life at sea.

In addition to celestial knowledge, the Pothis delve into the principles of Vastu shastra, guiding the construction of both houses and ships. These navigational manuals not only offered practical insights but also touched upon the sailors’ beliefs, rituals, and worldview. Superstitions played a significant role in providing a sense of certainty amidst the uncertainties faced during long voyages.

The manuscripts contain repetitive prayers and invocations seeking divine intervention, reflecting the prevailing religious practices of the time. The navigators’ reliance on maritime calendars, seasonal divisions, and the significance of celestial events like Mausam Khulvi and Aakhar Mausam reveal the intricate planning involved in Kachchi seafaring.

Superstitions and Idioms in Malam ni Pothi

Beyond the meticulous navigational details, the Malam ni Pothi delve into the intricate tapestry of Kachchi sailors’ beliefs, superstitions, and cultural practices. An intriguing aspect captured within these ancient manuscripts is the correlation between encounters with certain birds and the predictions sailors derived from their sounds at different times of the day.

The pothis contained names of eleven birds that sailors might encounter during their maritime journeys. Each bird’s call was believed to hold significance, offering seafarers a unique way to interpret their surroundings. Among these observations, the idiom “Mor bole 11” stands out, emphasizing the peacock’s symbolic role in conveying messages to the sailors.

Here are some of the interpretations associated with the bird sounds:

• “Je kam chitav chhe te kam karje rudu thase arath sarse”
  • Translation: The work you have in mind, do it, for it will be courteous and meaningful.
• “Khadthi va chhe pan utavale m thais”
  • Translation: A trip is beneficial, but do not hasten; take your time.
• “Sahiaru karje behu janne varu thase sahi kari manje”
  • Translation: Envisage the partnership, for both will benefit; sign and agree.
• “Chalvanu karje ghano labh dise chhe valabh m karis”
  • Translation: Walking a lot is beneficial; a lot of good will happen, but do not overthink.
• “Kam kar baki me chhe kam karje rudu thase”
  • Translation: Do the work that is pending; a lot of good will happen.
• “Vepar karje e vepare labh gano hase chapi karje”
  • Translation: Doing business will be highly profitable; handle it carefully.
• “Je kam chitav chhe te kam karje varu thase”
  • Translation: The work you have in mind or have been instructed to do, do it, for it is beneficial.
• “Gau chhe te sukhni var tea apse chanta m karis”
  • Translation: Whatever has gone will give you returns in good times; do not worry excessively.
• “Khabar juthi chhe sachi nathi”
  • Translation: The information is wrong; it is not correct.
• “Davo karje jiha jais tihia taro bol upper thase utavalo m thais”
  • Translation: Make claims, and wherever you go, your words will have an edge, but do not be in any haste.

Accurate distance calculation was crucial, and the navigators devised a versatile measure known as the “zam.” This measure, equivalent to the sailing distance covered in three hours under favorable conditions, was pivotal for successful voyages.

Understanding the socio-economic position of seafarers in the littoral society of Kachchh adds depth to the narrative. The shipyard, run by Sunni Muslims from the Bhadala caste, oversaw a diverse crew hierarchy, reflecting Arab traditions. This intricate labor organization shaped the maritime ecosystem in Kachchh, defining the roles of Nakhwa (captain), Malam (navigator), Sarang (second in command), and Khalasi (labourer).

The Pothis offer not only practical knowledge but also a glimpse into the beliefs, rituals, and worldview of the navigators. The intersection of science, spirituality, and folklore creates a rich tapestry of wisdom that guided seafaring in the Kachchh region. In conclusion, these manuscripts provide valuable insights into the advanced seafaring practices of the Kachchh region, revealing extensive voyages and profound navigation knowledge among Kachchhi mariners.

The Pothis become not just maritime manuals but windows into a world where science and spirituality intertwined, guiding sailors through the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean. By integrating the Pothis With other sources, we gain a better understanding of the navigational techniques and challenges faced by Kachchhi seamen, highlighting the enduring significance of their maritime legacy.

References 

2016, Bridging the Gulf: Maritime Cultural Heritage of the Western Indian Ocean Himanshu Prabha Ray

Malam ni Pothi: Treatise on Kachchhi Navigation Techniques by maritime historian Chhaya Goswami

A Gujarati Map and Pilot Book of the Indian Ocean, c. 1750 Samira Sheikh